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Like Eleanor Roosevelt, Marietta Primicias Goco has lived her life at the center
of her country's most significant events. As a child, Marietta had a
front-row seat on history-in-the-making. Her father, the revered Senator
Cipriano Primicias Sr., was the country's Senate Majority Floor Leader
during some of their nation's most challenging times: World War II,
the American liberation, Philippine independence from the U.S., writing
the Philippine Constitution and the post-war reconstruction. Through
all these events, Marietta learned by her father's side.
When she was just 10 years old, Marietta left her family's seaside home
in Pangasinan to live with her father in Manila, so she could attend
the best schools. An avid book-worm, Marietta read the entire encyclopedia
- and the biographies of great people. Every night Marietta and her
father would have precious time together at dinner. He shared colorful
stories about his day's events and encouraged his curious daughter's
thoughtful questions. Some of Marietta's favorite stories were the ones
he told her about President Franklin and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
Marietta was fascinated to hear how Eleanor Roosevelt was living her
life in the center of the 20th century's most significant events, especially
her involvement in the creation of the United Nations and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). She was impressed with the way this
woman was "a trendsetter - and especially the way she was able to manage
herself in the company of men." She was also inspired by the way Mrs.
Roosevelt confronted both opportunity and adversity with a sense of
optimism and determination.
Marietta remembers that her father had referred to Mrs. Roosevelt as
a brave warrior. "Look at this woman," he would say, "Even though the
Atlantic isn't safe for travel, she's going to London just to lift the
morale of the soldiers."
At a very early age, Marietta decided that this woman from a far-off
land was her heroine. Little did Marietta know how much 10-year-old
Eleanor had always longed for, but never realized her dream, to live
with her own father.
"My father used to tell me about Bayanihan, one of our traditional
Filipino values," says Marietta. "To help me understand, he used to
tell me stories about people who worked together for the common good.
These people were called, Bayani, our heroes, for our country.
What made them special is their willingness to think of others instead
of themselves."
"My father told me that Bayanihan gave people the courage to
face their fears, stand up for their convictions and make choices that
bettered their families, their communities and the world." As Marietta
reflected on her father's words, she said, "Over the years, we've forgotten
about the importance of working together for the common good. If we're
ever going to create lasting peace in the Philippines, we'd better remind
our people --and teach our children-- about Bayanihan."
Excerpted from Stone Soup for the World: Life-Changing Stories of
Everyday Heroes
Like her father, Marietta has dedicated her life to helping her country
find and hold onto its freedom. While she was groomed for a political
life, serving as her father's Chief of Staff for 13 years, she ended
up chosing the road less traveled. Instead of becoming a career politican,
Marietta became an un-elected policymaker, and often acted as the politicians'
conscience, reminding them of their solemn duty to serve all Filipinos,
not just their financial supporters.
Whether by design or by divine intervention, Marietta has spent much
of her life carrying on the legacy of Eleanor Roosevelt's work with
the United Nations. She even married a man, Raul Goco, who would one
day become the first Asian to serve on the UN's International Law Commission.
Over time, their partnership has reinforced Marietta's respect for the
power that laws can have and their significance in bringing good ideas
into action. For Marietta, the cornerstone of her work must always be
the UDHR - Eleanor Roosevelt's greatest accomplishment. Over the years,
Marietta carefully studied the UDHR principles and was convinced that
it was soundest document from which to build a healthy society. Much
like her famous needlepoint projects, Marietta carefully wove these
basic principles into all aspects of her work.
During the 1970-80's, it was heart-breaking for Marietta and most Filipinos
to helplessly watch as President Marco sold their beloved country's
soul to the highest bidder. During his twenty-year regime, the Philippines
went $28 billion in debt, and became a breeding ground for corruption,
rampant environmental destruction, and global terrorism. Desperate economic
situations tempted even good people to do bad things, that bankrupted
their nation and their children's future.
Marietta worked tirelessly, first to help overthrow Marcos in 1986 and
then to help reclaim her country's independence. Under President Cory
Aquino, "Mrs. NGO Networker," as Marietta has been affectionately called,
fought hard for the rights of the poor. She founded the non-governmental
organization, FEED (Foundation for Education and Economic Development),
which then served as the first intermediary entity to manage US AID
grants for 80,000 NGO's. She also took Dr. Yunus's micro-credit program
to the next level by pioneering the first micro- finance programs in
the Philippines.
Dr. Yunus with women and their families involved
with microcredit in Bangladesh
Even with their hard-earned freedom and a renewed commitment to democracy
in 1986, the nation still wasn't moving forward. Then Marietta's childhood
friend, Fidel V. Ramos was elected President of the Philippines. As the
military general who had ensured that the overthrow of Marcos was peaceful,
Ramos firmly believed that fighting poverty was the best strategy to combat
the war on terrorism and to bring peace and stability to the Philippines.
In fact, he became the first Asian to receive the UNESCO Peace Award for
achieving a peace agreement between military rebels and secessionist MNLF
(Moro National Liberation Front).
In 1995, Ramos invited Marietta to head up the first Presidential Commission
to Fight Poverty and set an ambitious goal: develop a plan to bring the
disenchanted into the mainstream, and decrease poverty by 10% in 5 years.
Marietta accepted her new role in shaping her country's
future with passion and determination.
She launched a multi-faceted initiative by rekindling Filipino values
like Bayanihan to help rally her countrymen to make the goal of
eradicating poverty their own. The Moral Recovery Program, a values-based
re-education program, helped people remember their God-given talents,
honor their capacity to realize their own visions and encourage them to
give back to their communities. Each person who went through the program
then created a personalized plan for meeting their own basic needs and
for helping to rebuild their country. Some started with simple steps --
quit smoking, learn how to read, or be a better father. Others had larger
goals -- to help their neighbors, care for their communities or run for
local government. Together, they came to see that when each person gave
a little of themselves, it made a difference for everyone.
Marietta was determined to demonstrate how the basic principles of UDHR
could be used to help measure progress towards reducing poverty. Most
importantly, she wanted to add a human face to poverty-to define easily-understood
terms that showed exactly what constituted a person's basic human rights.
Ever the practical statesman, she knew that facts and figures could convince
even the most skeptical leaders in Manila.
Marietta and her colleagues went through a thorough process to determine
exactly what a person needed to be self-sufficient. They designed the
MBN Survey to measure a person's 33 Minimum Basic Needs. The survey establishes
a direct link to the "human dignity as human rights entitlements" of the
UDHR. This practical tool enables every neighborhood (barangay)
to find out exactly which of the peoples' basic human rights aren't yet
being met. Equipped with this data, even the poorest people can help plan
projects, learn how to allocate resources and measure their barangay's
progress. Marietta and her colleagues worked with local government officials
to implement the MBN Survey in all 45,000 barangays - and make
sure the data was available to all local barangay officials.
Marietta Goco walking with Susie through her family's
former land in Pangasinan
Next, Marietta built a coalition of supporters to pass landmark legislation,
The Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act," -- (R.A. 8425), which
institutionalized micro-finance in order to address the vicious cycle
of poverty. Much like Eleanor Roosevelt's tedious three-year formulation
of the UDHR, Marietta championed the coalition-building SRA legislative
process for three years, and ultimately succeeded in creating the first
such law in the world that guaranteed each person's human rights. The
Presidential Commission to Fight Poverty touched the lives of an amazing
six million people, and they reached their goal -- two years ahead of
schedule.
Marietta credits much of her success to President Ramos who has vigorously
supported her every step of the way. His strong support for Marietta
gave her the courage to overcome many obstacles. Like an older brother,
he coxed, calmed, supported and strengthened Marietta's resolve. Their
relationship began when they were still children in Pangasinan. Whenever
she was frustrated or discouraged, Ramos would affectionately remind
her, "Remember, when you were just a baby, I was your nanny." Their
close personal relationship resulted in tremendous benefits for their
country. Like the Roosevelt's, they became a formidable team who helped
the Philippine economy to dramatically recover. On his last day of office,
President Ramos awarded Marietta with the Order of the Golden Heart,
the Filipino equivalent of being knighted, for her "lifetime work in
meaningful access, participation and empowerment of the marginalized
basic sectors in the alleviation of poverty in the Philippines."
Shortly afterward, Marietta was asked her to run for office. Filipinos
were hungry for honest leaders who could guide their country towards
a better future. Marietta was flattered by the request, but also reluctant.
Over the years, she'd become disenchanted with the political process
and weary of the graft, corruption and rampant vote buying. In 1992,
she experienced it first-hand when she lost her bid for Congress. Often
the candidates who won were those who tempted the poor with cash and
false promises. Human nature - the longing of the poor to feed their
children -- won out over their better judgment: to vote for the best
candidate. As economic conditions worsened, temptations grew, so did
corruption. It was a vicious circle.
From her studies, Marietta knew that the political system needed fundamental
changes. Under the present bi-cameral system, politicians were elected
on a national basis, too often based just on their name recognition.
As a result, they weren't accountable to the people in their own provinces.
In fact, when Marietta's father helped draft the Philippine Constitution,
he had argued for a federal system, but had to settle for the bi-cameral
system urged by the Americans. Marietta had learned that the most stable
countries like the U.S. and Western Europe had a federal system. While
Filipinos longed for this kind of stability, getting it would mean changing
the Philippines Constitution. And that was a monumental undertaking.
Every so often people would try to rally support for a change. But,
with all the vested interests, it was impossible. Those who benefited
most from the present system would be the ones who would have to change
it. And no one was yet ready to take on that challenge.
In the meantime, Marietta was willing to try one last time to work within
the system. Reflecting on President Cory Aquino's words, "If good people
don't run for office, then we have no one but ourselves to blame." She
decided to seriously consider running for office again. But before making
her final decision, Marietta conducted a survey in her home province
of Pangasinan to see who were the strongest names on the ticket. When
the results were tallied, Marietta decided not to run. She was actually
relieved, because she knew that her true calling was elsewhere. The
political survey process, had rekindled her appreciation for the poor
women in her province who were working hard to improve their lives and
their communities. For years she had longed for a way to test out her
ideas, policies and programs with people in her hometown. Marietta took
a leap of faith and founded the Sambayanihan Foundation in 1998 - the
50th year anniversary of the UDHR. As chairperson of this NGO, she was
able to bring the best of what they created on national policy to her
family's homeland.
A Social Experiment
A Demonstration Project in Pangasinan
Zinnia, Marietta and Sambayanihan staff Pangasinan
As a first step, Marietta invited her friends and colleagues in Manila
to join her. For years, they'd designed and lobbied for national policies
to alleviate poverty through efforts like the Moral Recovery Program,
micro-finance programs and the Kabisig People's Movement - and finally,
the hard-won Social Reform Act (SRA). Now Marietta was offering them
a chance to "get their hands dirty"- and see if their plans could actually
work out, in the provinces, and truly benefit the poorest people far
from Manila.
Zinnia, Sally Gonzales, Marietta Marianne
A true-blooded NGO visionary, Marietta was passionately committed to
the principles of self-empowerment and self-determination. She wanted
this social experiment to emerge from - and support the poorest people
in the country. She was convinced that only with a bottoms-up approach
-- connecting people's needs and concerns with local and national resources,
would real, sustainable long-term change be able to occur. And from
her experience with micro-finance, she knew that women had the best
track record for creating lasting local initiatives.
Marietta embarked on this ambitious undertaking by investing her own
personal resources, time and energy. She also invested in the poorest
people in the country, especially those who'd initially volunteered
to work on her survey. They became the first local coordinators for
her new program, and their villages (barangays) were the first
to participate in this social experiment.
As a child, Marietta had learned from her father about the importance
of "walking one's talk." In the 1960's Senator Primicias had led by
his own example the nation's first land reform movement in the 1960's.
He was among the first to give away the family's lands so that the poor
could build their future. Years later, Marietta could see how her family's
land has grown into a community where people are planting gardens, harvesting
their own crops and creating small businesses. Thatched-roof nipa huts
are slowly being replaced with sturdy homes, and families are able to
plan for their future. There's even a Geo Farm that is testing out innovative
recycling ideas for sustainable development. Marietta still likes to
visit the mango groves -- where as a young girl -- she created her own
private sanctuary.
Marietta and Zinnia at Geo Farm, Pangasinan
Marietta asked her most loyal and trusted colleague, Zinnia Cariasa-Arcinue,
to head up her project. Just as how Trude Lash served Eleanor Roosevelt,
Zinna became Marietta's eyes and ears. She listenened carefully to the
women and took their concerns and ideas to Manila. Fondly called "the
little chili pepper," she often took a mighty stand for these women.
Each and every week for two years, Zinna took the 5-hour bus ride from
Manila to Pangasinan.
Susie with Zinnia with rural transportation
After a week of traffic, pollution and crowds, the ride was actually
a welcome relief. Looking out the window, Zinna would see the lush green
countryside and the gentle people working in the fields. When she finally
arrived, Zinnia was warmly welcomed by the women who entrusted her with
their deepest hopes and dreams. Once a month Marietta would joined Zinna
for a weekend trip so she could see for herself how things were progressing
- and spend time with these inspiring Pangasinan women.
Marietta wanted to see first-hand how effective the new MBN survey was
in achieving its goal of reducing poverty. She invited the six newly-hired
local coordinators to join sixty regional government officers in attending
Moral Recovery Program training. At their first-ever training program
in the mountain-resort town of Baguio, the Pangasinians were a little
shy, especially among all these prominent people.
However, after trainer Vic Pascua encouraged them to look within, to
find their God-given talents, they found new confidence. Returning home,
they were eager to share their new tools with their neighbors, and to
begin digging themselves out of poverty and start planning for their
children's future.
Back in Pangasinan, they made a plan for how they would go door-to-door
to survey each and every one of the 20,000 families in the 306 barangays.
This ambitious task took six months. They knew that their data there
were gathering could help them reduce the poverty that was plaguing
their families. Once all the surveys were tallied, they created a large
map for each barangay and hung it proudly in a public place for
everyone to see. The color-coded houses -- green, yellow and red --
clearly showed which families most urgently needed care. Poverty now
had a face and everyone knew who among them needed help. In the place
of shame and isolation came community action and a hopeful sense of
direction.
Marietta, Zinnia, women and MBN Survey map
Next, the coordinators invited their neighbors and barangay leaders
to join in Sambayanihan Circles to talk about the survey results and
explore ideas for where they could find the resources to meet their
community's needs. Women were offered the opportunity to submit small
business plans to the Sambayanihan Foundation for a microfinance loan
of 10,000 pesos ($200). Up until then, people had been paying an exorbitant
20% month "curb rate" for bank loans. This was a sure way to keep them
impoverished. Now with access to capital for only a 4% interest rate,
women could finally start to grow their own businesses. Since Marietta
had championed the micro-finance movement in the Philippines, she made
sure that each loan included a built-in savings account. If women felt
secure in their lives, they could plan for their children's future.
Step by step, these poor women worked together to build a powerful army
of people who slowly began to make their dreams come true. Where once
there had been despair, now there were opportunities for a better future.
Where there had once been a fertile ground for breeding corruption and
even terrorism, now families have their own small businesses and savings
accounts to help plan for their future.
Marietta Goco with basket-weavers, Pangasinan
What started in 1998 as a social experiment has become a successful
five-year demonstration project that has benefited more than 20,000
families. During all this time, Marietta continued her treasured weekend
trips to Pangasinan with Zinna, to renew her spirit and strengthen her
resolve to the arduous process of bringing human rights to the poorest
people in her country. As the local coordinators for the Sambayanihan
Foundation's demonstration project, Fely Visraras, Africa Catungal and
Marietta Arangul are on the front-lines of the war on poverty and terrorism
in the Philippines.
The Impact of Marietta Goco
Receiving the Eleanor Roosevelt Award
In 2002, at the age of 66, Marietta had thought that it was time to
retire. She felt that she'd earned a well-deserved rest at her mountaintop
retreat in Tagaytay -- out of the Manila spotlight. She longed to read,
reflect, and get back to her needlepoint. She also wanted to travel
and spend some time with her grandchildren, some who lived in America.
Marietta and Marianne, listening to D. Woolner
But once again, destiny called upon her. When Marietta received the
Stone Soup Leadership Institute's Eleanor Roosevelt Award, she received
accolades from many friends and colleagues - as well as tremendous media
recognition. When she returned from the global awards ceremony in New
York City, Marietta was amazed to see all the attention she'd gotten.
She was featured in nearly every Filipino newspaper and was on radio
and television; she'd become a media sensation.
Once in a while, someone from our country takes home a medal from
an international event. This makes us feel good about ourselves, and
inspires us to believe once more that yes, we have what it takes. Stories
like these remind us of what we can do at a time when we have begun
to wonder if there is hope. Today another Filipina has brought home
an international award. Mrs. Marietta Primicias Goco as the first non-American
to receive the Eleanor Roosevelt award.
Lyn Besa-Gamboa, Governor, Pacific Area 1 International Federation
of Women's Organizations, The Philippine STAR OPINION
We felt proud and joyful when we read that the first recipient of the
Stone Soup Leadership Institute's Global Eleanor Roosevelt Award was
Marietta Primicias Goco for being instrumental in mainstreaming micro
finance into a state policy through The Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation
Act (RA 8425). Like Eleanor Roosevelt, Marietta Goco has dedicated her
life to working for the most neglected and underprivileged members of
our society. To do good, two things are necessary. First, one must think
correctly' second, one must mean well. To love the people and work for
the improvement of the oppressed and the underprivileged is the height
of goodness. We are glad that M. Goco has received due recognition for
her good works here and abroad. May her tribe increase!
Roses and Thorns, Alejandro R. Roces,
The Philippine Star
President Franklin Roosevelt once told historian Arthur Schessigner
Jr. the achievement of which he was most proud was the creation of the
United Nations. Eleanor Roosevelt told biographer Joseph Lash that her
proudest achievement was the UN Declaration of Human Rights which met
in Geneva, this important document set a world standard for fulfilling
the obligation of the UN Chapter to the rights and dignity of the world's
people. The Philippines, represented by Carlos Romulo, served on that
commission in Geneva….Dr. Muhammed Yunus received the Gandhi award for
launching micro credit as the most viable means to fight global poverty.
Mrs. Goco's work has been to take that concept one step further, from
small loans to individuals, to the concept of "micro finance" … which
raise the living standard of families.
Beth Day Romulo, Manila Bulletin
Marietta was asked to speak at numerous events in honor of International
Women's Month. Each time, she talked about Mrs. Roosevelt's vision and
the living legacy she had inspired through the UDHR. These speaking
engagements also gave her the opportunity to share the success of her
demonstration project with some of Manila's elite - and to encourage
them to find ways to help their impoverished people. The Award gave
Marietta renewed energy and strengthened her convictions to extend the
opportunity to succeed to more women. She felt it would encourage other
women to carry on Mrs. Roosevelt's great legacy.
Marietta elevates us to a higher ground of public
service -- to serve the poor, break free from bondage, and become a
shining light.
Luisa Rosales, UN Human Settlement Program
Marietta lit the flame that rooted microfinance in the Philippines.
Today, serving more than half a million enterprising poor. The flame
is spreading.
Marcia Feria Miranda Punla sa Tao Foundation
The "Iron Lady" was at the forefront of mobilizing civil society
and the Philippine Basic Sectors in the quest for community centered,
people-empowered anti poverty campaign.
Dr. Athir Sajid, De La SallesUniversity
Buoyed by her newly-achieved celebrity status, Marietta has now embarked
on the greatest challenge of her life. She is using her new forum in
the media to champion the arduous process of changing the Constitution
of the Philippines, so that her country can build a more equitable,
humane society.
Senator J. De Venecia signing People's Summit
When actor Joseph Estrada first bought his way into the presidency
in 1998 and then squandered the Ramos' hard-earned gains, Filipinos
were embarrassed and Marietta was understandably furious. While EDSA
II successfully ousted Estrada's corrupt regime, the damage was done.
Marietta knew that as usual, the poor would suffer the most. She also
knew the only way to prevent this from ever happening again was to finally
change the political system.
Senator J. De Venecia with indigenous leaders
To finish the job her father had started nearly 50 years ago, Marietta
is now working along side another leader from her father's homeland
of Pangasinian -- Speaker of the House, Senator Jose De Venecia --"To
fully modernize Philippine politics and bring it closer to the democratic
ideal." Interestingly, it was President Roosevelt who supported the
first Philippine Constitution they are now rewriting.
With renewed resolve, Marietta agreed to champion the Constitutional
Change movement. With the support of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation,
they began months of careful planning with a diverse representation
of people from all sectors of the Philippine society. On February 24,
2003 the eve of the 17th anniversary of EDSA/People Power, the People's
Summit on Constitutional Reform was convened. As co-convenor of the
Consultative Group for Constitutional Reform, Marietta guided the growing
coalition of diverse sectors, organizations and communities of Philippine
society, individually and collectively -with the stated goal "to honor
our forebears who sacrificed their lives and fortunes to create a free,
democratic and strong nation - to preserve the best traditions of our
history for future generations of Filipinos." Step by step, they are
traveling together on a long journey -- committing themselves to arduous
process of changing their Constitution in time for the 2004 elections.
They are building a broad consensus - the largest ever in the history
of the Philippines who are willing to rise above narrow personal and
partisan interests. They are rallying the nation's 84 million Filipinos
to finally do something that had never been done before -- to finally
create genuine self-determination -- and to ensure human rights for
all.
Marietta serves as an interlocutor of sectoral demands for access
and equity, for real on-the-ground changes, and for integrity in governance.
She is in politics, but she is not of politics….and uses her political
power to push concerns that create a countervailing force to the blind
forces of market determinism and globalization. Her choice as an awardee
is well-deserved.
Louie Corral, Assoc. Philippine Electric Coops
M. Goco, Senator J. De Venecia with leaders
Support is building each and every day. Once Marietta would have to
buy advertisements to educate people about coalition-building issues,
thanks to the prominence she achieved through the Eleanor Roosevelt
Award, and her new access to the media, she is now being widely quoted
as an authority. And support for the revised Constitution is growing:
a March survey of 3,600 respondents, quoted Marietta as saying, "We
see a dramatic rise in the number of Filipinos who seek Charter change
to amend the Constitution-- a leap from 38% in December to 58% in April
in just 4 months!"
Once you have been 'contaminated' by Mrs. Goco, you have no other
choice but to choose the difficult path that others refuse to take,
but which you will never regret taking in your lifetime, because it
is, in the end, the road to a better life.
ZINNIA CARIASA-ARCINUE
Executive Director, Sambayanihan Foundation
When the road seems long and success unsure, Marietta renews her spirit
by remembering Mrs. Roosevelt and her tireless, three-year struggle
to achieve adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Marietta
is hopeful that her people's longing for real autonomy and human rights
for all her people will come in her lifetime. She's grateful for Eleanor
Roosevelt's living legacy that continues to inspire her and her people.
Today the world faces a great challenge: on one side a government
preserved by fear, on the other a government of free men. I have never
believed that anything supported by fear can stand against freedom from
fear. Surely we cannot be so stupid as to let ourselves become shackled
by senseless fears. The result of that would be to have a system of
fear imposed on us.
Courage is more exhilarating than fear and in the long run it is
easier. We do not have to become heroes overnight. Just a step at a
time, meeting each thing that comes up, seeing it is not as dreadful
as it appeared, discovering we have the strength to stare it down.
Eleanor Roosevelt
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Break unjust fetters and undo the thongs of the yoke to let
the oppressed go free. Share your bread with the hungry and shelter
the homeless poor. Clothe the man you see to be naked, and turn
not from your own kin. Then will your light shine like the dawn
and your wound be quickly healed over. Your integrity will go
before you, and the glory of the Lord behind you. Cry, and the
Lord will answer. Call, and He will say 'I am here."
If you do away with the yoke, the clenched fish, and the wicked
word. If you give your bread to the hungry, and relief to the
oppressed, your light will shine in the darkness, and your shadows
become like noon.
The Lord will always guide you, giving you relief in desert places.
He will give you strength to your bones, and you shall be like
the watered garden. Like the spring of water whose waters never
run dry.
The ancient ruins shall be rebuilt for your sake, and the foundations
from ages past you shall raise up. 'Repairer of the breach' they
shall call you. 'Restorer of ruined houses.'
Isaiah 58:6-12
Marietta Goco's favorite needlepoint
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Where, after all, do universal human rights begin? In small places,
close to home - so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any
maps of the world. Yet they are the world of the individual person;
the neighborhood he lives in; the school or college he attends; the
factory, farm, or office where he works. Such are the places where every
man, woman, and child seeks equal justice, equal opportunity, equal
dignity without discrimination. Unless these rights have meaning there,
they have little meaning anywhere. Without concerted citizen action
to uphold them close to home, we shall look in vain for progress in
the larger world.
Eleanor Roosevelt
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